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/**
* Move WooCommerce subcategory list items into their own <ul> separate from the product <ul>.
*/
add_action( 'init', 'iphf_move_subcat_list' );
function iphf_move_subcat_list() {
	// Remove the subcat <li>s from the old location.
	remove_filter( 'woocommerce_product_loop_start', 'woocommerce_maybe_show_product_subcategories' );
	add_action( 'woocommerce_before_shop_loop', 'iphf_product_loop_start', 1 );
	add_action( 'woocommerce_before_shop_loop', 'iphf_maybe_show_product_subcategories', 2 );
	add_action( 'woocommerce_before_shop_loop', 'iphf_product_loop_end', 3 );
}
/**
 * Conditonally start the product loop with a <ul> contaner if subcats exist.
 */
function iphf_product_loop_start() {
	$subcategories = woocommerce_maybe_show_product_subcategories();
	if ( $subcategories ) {
		woocommerce_product_loop_start();
	}
}
/**
 * Print the subcat <li>s in our new location.
 */
function iphf_maybe_show_product_subcategories() {
	echo woocommerce_maybe_show_product_subcategories();
}
/**
 * Conditonally end the product loop with a </ul> if subcats exist.
 */
function iphf_product_loop_end() {
	$subcategories = woocommerce_maybe_show_product_subcategories();
	if ( $subcategories ) {
		woocommerce_product_loop_end();
	}
}

So sieht es dann im Frontend aus:

Thanks to twoelevenjay